Optics is branch of physics in which we study the nature and propagation of light. Newton, the greatest among the great, believed that light is a collection of particles. He believed that a light source emits tiny corpuscles of light and these corpuscles travel in straight lines when not acted upon by external forces.

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If a charge is placed at rest at a point near a metallic wire carrying current, it experiences almost no force. From this, we conclude that there is no appreciable electric field at that point. The wire is electrically neutral and does not produce an electric field.

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Imagine a bar magnet placed along the axis of a conducting loop containing a galvanometer. There is no current in the loop and correspondingly no deflection in the galvanometer. If we move the magnet towards the loop, there is a deflection in the galvanometer showing that there is an electric current in the loop.

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Matter is made of certain elementary particles. With the advancement in technology, we have discovered hundreds of elementary particles. Many of them are rare and of no concern to us in the present course. The three most common elementary particles are electrons, protons and neutrons having masses 9.1093897*10-31 kg, 1.6726231*10-27 kg and 1.6749286*10-27 kg respectively. [...]

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